Why is Disney so successful?

Disney is successful for variety of reasons, which just so happen to fall under the categories of the exam questions, for example, its synergy and cross media convergence, its media ownership, its proliferation of hardware etc. I will explain in this essay why disney is so successful through the section B headings.

Disney is a conglomerate and one of the 6 top oligopolists as it owns its production companies, distribution companies, forms of exhibition companies (such as disney cinemagic), its own theme parks, radio channels etc. This benefits them as it makes them more money and then through the money they earn with media ownership they are able to afford bigger actors, for example, Johnny Depp in the Pirates of the Caribbean series, they are able to film in more than just one location (that are also quite well known), for example, the Dominican Republic and California. They are able to use more expensive props to create verisimilitude for example, Pirates of the Caribbean were able to recreate pirate ships and certain sets within the film. Within Pirates of the Caribbean all of this proved to be very beneficial as they made a profit of $509,954,103 just at the worldwide box office. Media ownership is very influential to create a successful company as Ill Manors, which was produced and distributed by independent companies such as Film London, BBC Films, Aimimage Productions and Revolver Entertainment only made an overall profit of $1,008,176. Ill Manors wasn't able to use such big things because of the lack of media ownership, for example, Ill Manors was only able to use the location of Forest Gate, a less wealthy end of London, also Ill Manors could only use stars they hadn't quite made a debut yet as they were cheaper to use. All of the elements mentioned make a difference to the overall profit of the film as it is likely if you have more well known stars you are likely to attract a larger audience due to fans and people assuming a film will be good due to previous experience of viewing an actors acting and thinking they are good. Also if various filming locations are used it is more than likely national audiences will be attracted to the film as it becomes more internationally appealing.

Disney also has access to a lot of synergy and cross media ownership because of its media ownership, for example, disney owns stores which sells merchandise and which also sells other products such as soundtracks for certain films. Concerning synergy, disney has the ownership of the theme parks, the stores, shows such as disney on ice, costumes for the children, books which have been made for the film etc. Concerning cross media convergence disney has websites which contain games for its target audience, they have apps created for games e.g. Frozen Free Fall, they have downloadable soundtracks on iTunes and they have TV channels which can show trailers or even show the film after the cinema release. This increases the amount of money Disney has an institution as consumers feel the need to buy such products as they enjoy the film. Such synergy and cross media and convergence also helps promote a film, especially if it is before the film, and concerning Disney, this is them using 360 degree marketing. Ill manors marketing was done through cross media convergence as they released a single containing clips from the film within it, this was big for the target audience whom were Plan B fans as he was in front of the camera within the video however for the film he wasn't featured into it as he was the director.

Media Ownership and Case Studies

Skyfall
Sony: Conglomerates and olygopolists of Hollywood, therefore had a really big budget and could afford big stars such as Daniel Craig and Judi Dench, film in various locations across the world like Turkey,

Representation of class and status - Waterloo Road

Camera Work 

The first shot used is a close up of a teenage girl wearing hoop earrings and a gold chain, which matches her to the stereotype of working class as it puts her within a subculture of those who are a moral panic,this is enforced when she is seen arguing with who the audience assume to be her boyfriend as he walks around with a gun, this being first shown with a very fast paced extreme close up of a gun, it then follows to an overhead shot, showing the damage that has been caused. This represents those of a working class to be quite destructive, a cause of moral panic, and associated with crime. An over the shoulder shot is used when the boy is leaning over the girl as she has been pushed to the ground, this shot emphasizes the composition of characters as it represents men of a higher status compared to woman and represents them to be dominant and the ones whom are in control. Concerning camera movement, a track shot is used as the boy is running away after he has shot his girlfriend, this shot is a way of following the action, which is now a run away criminal which adheres his working class stereotype of being a criminal. A low angle shot is used as an adult enters the scene of the crime, making her seem to be much bigger tan what she is, this certain camera angle makes her bigger and therefore enforces that with more age comes a higher status. Another over the shoulder shot is used as the adult leans over the teenager, again putting the adult above the teenager and enforcing the stereotype that with more age comes higher status, this shot enforces this stereotype despite the circumstances. A tilt shot is used on the boy carrying the gun, first it shows the gun and then carries over to his face, this is very smooth and associates the crime with the character, representing him as working class due to it being one of the main stereotypes,the smooth transition indicates an issue which working class people are often associated with through stereotypes.

Sound

There is the synchronous sound of the gun going of and then hitting the plant pot which the consumers can see, this has been used to accentuate the drama, alongside the sound of the asynchronous dog barking that follows, this drama adds up and then matches to a close up of a girl looking distressed and scared, which is then followed by the speech of the boy saying 'i had to', this adheres the stereotype that those of working class are troublesome and a criminal, and that they often turn to violence. The asynchronous sounds of police sirens are used within the clip and typical connotations of sirens are danger, harm, and crime. At this point in the clip the police have caught up with the boy, this shows the police to be of a higher status and almost the good are of a higher status as opposed to the evil, within this sound it also hints that the boy now has no way put and following his stereotype as a working class person he will be going to prison for his crime.

Editing 

Referring back to a previous shot I have mentioned, the over the shoulder the shot showing the boy being over the girl and the male sex having higher status over the female sex and obtain more hierarchy as opposed to the females, this is enforced more so with the use of eye line match as it shows them as a unit and knowing each other (this being enforced with the mise en scene of their costume in which they both wear gold chains and incorrect school uniform), yet the boys is still holding over the girl and almost holding her in her place, representing once again that the male sex obtains hierarchy as opposed to the female sex. Also in this clip, the use of shot reverse shots between the older lady and the student as Maxine dies provides a juxtaposition between class and status and creates binary opposites through class an status between the characters. This shot to me showed a clear difference between class and status through the use of mise en scene and their costume, for example, the young girls is wearing gold hoop earrings like her friend which seems quite common within their working class, whereas the other woman is wearing silver studs with diamonds in, this shows the different between class as it shows a visual difference and represents that those of middle class have more money to spend on luxuries whereas it is most likely that the young girls hoop earrings are fake if everyone is wearing a pair. The use of shot reverse shot also allows the audience to observe both characters feelings, both are the same which almost defies the differences between their class and status as they both feel the same towards the tragedy of the girl.

Mise-en-scene 

The costume between the two classes (middle and working) juxtapose each other within this clip, for example, the teaches are seen wearing smart suits which are appropriate to the environment they work in, however the working class teenagers are shown wearing shirts with the top button undone, loose ties, big earrings, short skirts and hoodies. Hoodies are always connoted to crime and gang culture, this enforces the stereotype for the working class that they are often involved in crime. Back to the juxtaposition, what I have listed shows a clear difference between the two classes and represents them to be quite diverse from each other, the working class represented to be laid back and chilled and the middle class represented to be prim and proper. The lighting as the older lady walks through the door is dark and represents a sense of danger and suspense, this foreshadows the upcoming event of Maxines wounds being fatal and her dying, this enforces the stereotype of the working class always being involved in something bad liek crime, which can become life threatening.

Media Ownership

• Concentration of media ownership: when a smaller number of companies owns most media outlets/ the media industry e.g disney 
• Cross media ownership: when a company produces two or more types of media e.g. sony with Skyfall 
• Conglomerate: A parent company owns a range of smaller companies e.g. disney owns abc entertainment 
• Subsidisary: The smaller company which is owned by the parent company e.g. abc entertainment is owned by disney 
• Oligopoly: when a few firms dominate a market e.g the five major distribution companies own hollywood, like a game of monopoly

ADVANTAGES OF CONGLOMERATES IN PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION

1. take risks in the production of the film
2. big enough to not have collaborate with other companies through the production process in order to raise funds (already have enough money)
3. can produce bigger and better films which are more likely to do well at box office e.g. use more famous stars, use special effect such as 3d and green screen, travel to unique locations to attract more of an audience in exhibition stage 
4. they can use synergy and cross media convergence throughout the marketing of the film e.g. create games/music/merchandise in relation with the film 

DISADVANTAGES OF CONGLOMERATES IN PRODUCTION AND EXHIBITION

1. the films usually have to please a mass market so they cannot be creative films such as fish tank, they have to appeal to a large audience of the entire world, otherwise the budget is wasted and the company creates a bad rep 
2. it is necessary for the film to do well at box office otherwise they have wasted a lot of money through the production, distribution and exhibition of the film, which the company usually spends a lot of money on, however they most likely have another film coming up which will most likely be a success 

DISADVANTAGES OF AN INDEPENDENT COMPANY 

1. the film cannot be very ambitious with stars and effects as they have less of a budget to work with as opposed to conglomerates 
2. they usually have to collaborate with other companies in order to raise funs to produce, distribute and exhibit the film 
3. the film has to have a target audience and cannot appeal to the entire world like a conglomerate as they do not have as much funs to spend on distribution campaigns 
4. it is automatically expected to earn less at the box office because of the point above 
5. it cant afford to lose money at the box office as it is an independent film and it can't rely on a next hit 

APPLYING TO CASE STUDIES 

Skyfall: 

• Skyfall was created by conglomerate company and oligoplist of hollywood, sony and used big stars such as daniel craig and judi dench which was promotion itself as fans anticipated their acting in the film as they are such big names, also sony had the money to produce synergy and cross media convergence such as creating fragrances and trailers shown on tv constantly, this is a form of blanket advertising.  Skyfall also had the funds to involve the large company of Coke (however it was coke zero used) to promote their film, as coke had a bond themed advert and real life clips of people passing obstacles (like bond) to get to the coke machine, in a mere few days this video reached over 3.5 million views. Also with this advert, if the people did the task in under 60 seconds they got to go to the premiere, creating even more buzz for the upcoming movie. 

Ill Manors: 

• Ill Manors which was financed by various companies such as BBC Film London and UK film council and created by an independent companies couldn't afford to lose at box office even though they had a little a budget as £100,000 however made just under £500,000. With such a small budget their main marketing strategy was releasing a single (a form of cross media ownership) prior to the release of the film in the cinema to ignite a buzz for the film. The marketing of the trailer of the film couldn't be shown globally as it would not succeed globally (and would lose money) therefore ill manors had a target audience and the trailer was only showed to such audiences through certain channels like Comedy Central, also the film was advertised through radio channels such as kiss fm, who often play plan B (which was the director of the film) and therefore appealed to the audience. 

Disney Synergy

Disney uses various different motives for successful marketing, the synergy used with disney is a vital process to earn such large profits. For example disney not only creates the films but has:

• Disney Channe
• Radio channel (radio disney) 
• Theme parks 
• Merchandise e.g. lunch boxes, posters, teddys 
• Toys e.g. dolls
• Costumes 
• Books 
• Games 
• Stores 
• Costumes 
• Disney on ice
• West end e.g. The Lion King
• Apps 
• Disney Cruise
• Adventures by Disney 
• Disney Vacation Club
• Disney XD
• Disney Cinemagic 
• Disney Junior 
• Soundtracks 
• Disney Infinity 
• Club Penguin
• 
  

Scetion B The Inbetweeners

Cross media convergence and Synergy

SYNERGY

• A yearbook release (book) of the inbetweeners containing character facts and application forms, all appropriate to the series and the film 
• A competition entry counting down to the best series moments in light of the movie release 
• A soundtrack featuring all the songs which are in the movie, available for download on itunes and can be bought on hardware format
• Merchandise such as t shirts which are featured in the film - 'pussay patrol' 
• The premiere which all the stars attended, which was held in London to bring a buzz to the film and get people excited about it, it was also the first screening of the film (working with exhibition companies) 

CROSS MEDIA CONVERGENCE

• Podcasts available on itunes for download, the cast talking about the film which generates a buzz about it 
• Creating trailers and exhibiting this on an official website made especially for the film 
• Facebook and Twitter accounts (social networking) explaining the upcoming events concerning the film and placing snippets of the film and teasers to excite and draw in an audience

Cross Media Convergence and Synergy h/w

Cross Media Convergence and Synergy are both vital processes in the successful marketing of media products to audiences. To what extent do you agree with this? 

Synergy 
The release of different products at the same time which work together to promote each other, e.g. when a game is created through inspiration of the film, the film industry and gaming industry promote each others product, synergy can also include merchandise- non media products

Cross Media Convergence
Basically the same as synergy however it can only use media products

Marketing
Promotion - it is completed by the distributors

Answer

Cross media convergence is a very vital process for the marketing of a film, as it uses other media platforms to gain an audience and to widen an audience. For example, Skyfall created a soundtrack which was released at the same time as the cinema release, this was very beneficial for the soundtrack alone (which charted number 1 for weeks (which was also owned by Sony Entertainment)) but was also beneficial for the film as there was more coverage about the film, due to the soundtrack being a product of the film. The film Skyfall alone had a profit of over 1 billion dollars. Ill Manors also released a soundtrack at the same time as the release of the film, alongside a music video single which featured on the album in relation to the film, this album went to number one within the UK charts, and he film then benefited off this success, Ill manors alone had a profit of $614,441. Although, Ill Manors needed cross media convergence for their success, whereas it is likely that Skyfall would have done just as well even without the soundtrack.

Synergy is also a vital process for the marketing of a film, and when thinking of synergy my mind automatically redirects to Disney as they are a large brand that not only uses media products to to market but also non media products, including merchandise which can be located in the shop, toys, the Disneyland/ world attraction etc. Disney's synergy is very successful with the marketing of media products to audiences as thorugh the non media products it sells like toys, it targets young children and attracts them to want to see a film through the characters which are used on the lunchboxes, or have been made into dolls etc. As Disney is a horizontally integrated company it earns much more profit and benefits off all of its media outlets.

Overall I think both are very vital processes for the marketing of a film as it rasued more awareness for the film and almost creates a 360 degree marketing effect, in which it feels like the media product is surrounding you and encouraging you to see the film, therefore I agree with this opinion to a full extent.

Media Consumption

notes homework section b

• examples of 360 degree marketing: teaser trailers, featurettes and actual trailers
• when a company works with a number of companies its called horizontal integration
• in 360 degree marketing everything around you markets the product 
• promotion of a film is very important for the success of a film
• cross media promotion is used to promote a media product- in which an acotr from a film may be in magazines or be on televised interviews
• cross media promotion also exists in reviews (tv, online, magazine, newspaper, blogs, forums, youtube)
• audience 2.0- public reviews on the internet (given by the public)
• audience 2.0- parodies can be made by the public- bad publicity is better than no publicity- works well for promotion
• fsp- FOX SEARCHLIGHT PICTURES
• fsp- the films online websites, like pages, twitter accounts (social networking)
• fsp allows the audience to interact with the film before its release
• when mass marketing is used its almost impossible not to know about a film
• more synergy (when companies work together to create something better than what can be made by one lone company) can cross promote both products
• with more synergy with cross promotion, audiences are targeted more precisely 
• exhibition is more accessible at home in more varied ways (netflix etc) 
• many films with Fox Searchlight are filmed digitally
• the exam is out of 50 marks- 20 for analysis, 20 for examples and 10 for terminology
• fox searchlight pictures parent company is 20th century fox 
• concentration of media ownership- fewer individuals or organizations control increasing shares of the mass media
• bigger budgets permit bigger stars, new and best technology and special effects
• films are generally developed by smaller production companies as they then seek more finance with the distribution of the film 
• fsp can distribute an 'indie' film well in other regions 
• media ownership is very close to the complete state control over info in direct or indirect ways
• this effects culture and politics
• e.g.- News corp give donations to right wing american political parties (biased media organization) 

Disability and Ability homework

Shots

An aerial shot is the first shot used which shows a clear division in the room which is being shared, one side of the room is very child like with bright colors whilst the other contains dull browns. The messy, cluttered side juxtaposes against the neat, average side, with this shot it the disabled and the able are represented to be different to one another. A close up of the down syndrome boy is used which explains to the audience that he is disabled, this also juxtaposes against the previous pan of the able boy, this is then representing them to be clearly different in the clip. An extreme close up shot is used of the down syndromes boys face, again emphasizing his disability and sending the message of his disability to the audience. Due to the use of the extreme close up and his facial features being highlighted within this clip, this clip is representing those who are disabled to be different to everyone else and not to receive the same treatment which everyone else does. An extreme close up is used again as the mother kisses the disabled sons head which highlights her affection for him, this is the aftermath of a slight argument between brothers and the disabled boy has got away with it, this again represents ability and disability to be different and that those who are disabled get special treatment and are almost babied on. A long shot is used which shows the able person walking in front and the disabled boy following which represents a leader and a follower, which then follows the stereotype that those who are disabled constantly need care all the time, this is enforced prior in the clip when the dad tells the able boy to help his disabled brother on the toilet.

Sound

There is narration as a voice over used in the entirety of this clip, the use of this narration tells the story from the able bodied brothers perspective, his clear speech allows us to know from the beginning that he is without a disability and this then represents both the ability and disability to be different. This sound generates the narrative. Non diegetic is used in accompaniment with the able boys narration, this music acts as mood music and helps set the scene of possible mischief and an idea which is brewing, the music is light and does not regard suspense, however it seems to accompany his thought track perfectly.

Editing 

Eyeline matches are used within the clip to show what each of the characters are looking at, the able body boy looks down on his brother suggesting he has to look over him and representing that disabled people need to be watched over and cared for. Montage shots are used when the able body brother is describing his thoughts through the use of both picture and narration. This emphasises the mind of an able body person and represents it to be quite complex and well illustrated this juxtaposes against the shot of the disabled person sleeping.

Mise-en-scene

Towards the ending there is a school setting in which all of the characters are able bodies, this makes the disabled boy stand out and this represents them to be different amongst everyone else. However the key setting for mise en scene is the room right at the beginning of the clip in which the brothers are sharing a room and it is almost separated in a juxtaposing divide down the middle. the able boys side of the room is filled with posters of bands in quite dark colours, representing him to act his normal teenage age and be quite moody. The disabled boys side of the room is very colourful and filled with bright pictures and toys, this represents those who are disabled to be quite child like and this setting almost suggests that they are like a child in the care that they need.

Overall I think that the able bodies and the disabled bodies are represented to have a clear divide in difference, and this difference is emphasised. Also disabled people are represented to be quite childlike and dependant.

SKET

Section B Homework

What significance does the continuing development of digital media technology have for media institutions and audiences? You should focus on FILM but you may make reference to other media such as

Music, Newspapers, Radio, Magazines or Video games

Digital technology has effected 3 areas of film, this concerns digital production, digital distribution and digital exhibition. Digital technology can range from digital cameras, to the internet which is now accessible via phones, ipods, tablets, computers, TVs etc. 

Firstly, there is digital production in which the creation of the media product (film in this retrospect) is made via digital technologies such as a digital camera, such hardware is beneficial due to the ability to watch something back immediately and decide to shoot it again due to problems such as incorrect lighting or incorrect acting, this saves from having to re shoot the same scene a different day, when the prints have processed. Digital production is also considerably cheaper as the producers don't have to keep paying for prints, instead the video is recorded via memory card which you pay one up front piece. This saves the production companies money. With new technologies producers can create films with the use of CGI and special effects, e.g. a green screen or animation. This appeals to audiences and therefore brings in more of an audience at cinema release and home release. Shrek (released in 2001, DreamWorks Animation) profited a major $441,812,794 as an animation movie which was created completely through the use of CGI and only included famous actors/actresses voice over e.g. Eddie Murphy as Donkey. Harry Potter (released in 2001, Warner Bros) used a green screen to create a moment in which a character flies on a broomstick, creating a surreal effect of actual magic within the film (which the film is based on) the first film in this series made a profit of $849,755,371. Furthermore producers are able to digitally create films with a 3D/ 4D effect or even through the use of IMAX, this then profits cinemas in the exhibition phase as a minority of people own 3D TV's, therefore it becoming cheaper in the long run to consume the media product through the cinema, this also increases the producers profit intake e.g. Titanic 3D (released initially in 1997 bur rereleased in 3D in 2012, Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation) set a profit record in China when it was re-released. The IMAX creates its film through the use of digital hardware and digital software, the prints for such a large screen (20 metres high 26 metres wide) would be too big to make, and also the quality would degrade after a while, forcing the producers to create more large prints, being astonishingly expensive.

Then there is digital distribution, which is the process of launching a film into the market place and maintaining the public's interest at the same time, distribution handles the jobs of the positioning of the film, the circulation and the marketing (advertising). Digital distribution makes the marketing much for viral, for example, the film can be advertised via social networking sites e.g. like pages on facebook or dedicated twitter pages, this keeps the audiences informed on the launching on the film and inform them of its existence. For example, The Hunger Games (released in 2012, Lionsgate) facebook like page alerts the audience of home releases, significant parts of the film and competitions concerning the media product etc, this preparing them for cinema release and home release. Concerning the circulation of the film, this process is made a lot cheaper, thus becoming cheaper for the production company however reducing the jobs available in the distribution companies. The digital technologies improve the circulation and make it cheaper as the film can be send via a private, locked file which is then sent to the exhibitors or can be sent via hard drive, the producers no longer have to pay for the distributors to send the prints of the film across the globe. Digital distribution also minimises piracy through the ability to create a common release day across the globe, this is done by sending the file via the same day, this minimises piracy as everyone can watch it at the same time, this benefits the distribution companies and production companies as they earn more profit through cinema release as people who are impatient don't have to wait for the film and don't result to piracy instead of waiting. The exhibitors also profit from this as they earn more money through popcorn and drink sales as more people then consume at the cinema. The marketing of a film is more accessible to an audience due to technological convergence in which audiences are able to view the marketing of a film via tablets, smart phones, ipods, TVs and computers via websites like youtube, twitter, IMDB, etc. This benefits the audience as they become intrigued in the media product and therefore go and see it, however this mainly benefits the distributors as it is free to advertise their product how they wish as they use free applications to do this (like youtube and twitter). 

Lastly comes digital exhibition where the film is consumed, this comes in 2 stages, cinema release and home release. The issue with digital screening in cinemas is that a digital projector must be purchased and also the digital copy quality isn't as good as the printed copy, however a printed copy can only be used a certain amount of times and will degrade in quality and soon enough the digital copy will be of better quality, concluding in better screening quality for the audience. For home release, digital exhibition also becomes a lot easier and more accessible for the audience e.g. VOD's such as Netflix allow an audience to consume a film via tablet, computer, phone or TV, thus the audience benefits from technological convergence. This is also cheaper for an audience as they pay a small subscription for unlimited viewings of films as opposed to buying numerous copies of DVDs/ videos, this saving money in a long term effect. As of April 2013, Netflix hit 36.3 million subscribers which is statistical proof of the increase of home consumption via new technologies (statistics from wikipedia). Returning back to the IMAX, this form of exhibition brings in a large profit for the exhibition companies (The London IMAX owned by odeon) as audiences flee to this exhibition format to consume films in an immaculate format as the screen (London Screen) is measure to be 20 metres high and 26 metres wider, making the resolution and quality of the media product brilliant, in the London IMAX, with a seating of 485, the exhibitors profit from popcorn and drink sales, the audience benefit due to a better screening which is available in 2D and 3D. 

Statistics are from www.the-numbers.com , unless stated otherwise.

    

I Give It A Year

I Give It A Year from bethbouchareb

Gender Homework

Mise-en-scene

The first contrasting thing between masculine and feminine I noticed was the outfits of the evil man and the blonde lady, the man is in a suit seeming formal and suitable whereas the woman is seen in a red revealing dress, this represents her to be seen as a sex object and merely something pretty to look at. This also enforces the stereotype that woman are obsessed with their looks as it seems she has made an effort with what she looks like. Also conforming to this the women who look like servants/workers are also wearing dresses, introducing them as a sex object also even if they aren't in as revealing attire as the lady in the red dress, the use of dresses is a stereotypical feminine piece of clothing. Contradicting this view, the main woman is seen in trousers and dark colors, quite masculine attire, which contradicts the stereotype that women are feminine, this character is produced to be slightly masculine, however it becomes known later in the clip that she has be travelling to help save the doctor, thus this attire may be seen as a source of survival, however this narrative is out of the feminine stereotype so it is known that this character holds some masculine attributes. The ladies in the back are decoded by the audience to be servants/maids which is stereo typically a feminine job to do as it is a domestic activity and women as expressive leaders complete this job daily ready for their husband to come home, therefore it is a stereotyped natural instinct. The audience decode this message due to the clothing of the two ladies, they are in matching all black (which looks to be a uniform) and they have an apron around their waist as if they are used to serving and conforming to the needs of others. A man is seen with mud on his face which represents him to be quite tough, not bothered about his looks and rather laid back, always masculine traits. This is decoded in this format because if he was bothered about his appearance he would of made sure to clean his face or he would of not got it muddy at all, but due to being masculine he did not really care. Concerning the trait of being tough also, a man is seen with a gun which represents him to be aggressive and again tough, it also represents him to be a protector, both of these example show men conforming to the stereotypes of masculinity. The 2 maids and the main woman hug at the end and this represents them to be over emotional as they visually air their emotion of happiness to each other, a stereotypical feminine trait.

Sound

The main woman is again represented to be feminine when she again airs her emotion, however this time it is done through dialogue. The woman says 'i love him' during a flash back, this is stereo typically a feminine trait, a masculine person is stereotyped to bottle up their feelings and  ignore them, therefore the woman is portrayed to be feminine. Diegetic mood music is used, deep strings and voice is used and it creates a negative mood which reflects the woman's mood which represents her feminine feelings (how over emotional she is) and it also reflects the situation which is occurring which shows the woman about to lose her life (or so the audience is led to believe at the beginning) and being escorted to a man who is about to be responsible for the corruption of Earth (or so the audience is led to believe again). The diegetic music changed later on in the clip, the pace increases and the sound becomes deeper, reflecting the situation more so as the Doctor comes back in human form, the stronger sound of the music reflects how much stronger the masculine man is compared to woman. Before this in the clip, robots are shown which a man controls, the sound is non diegetic and the robots take the form of a woman's voice, high, (in comparison to lets say the mans voice who is low, conforming to the masculine stereotype), therefore stereo typically this is a feminine voice, and represents those of a feminine form to obey those of a masculine nature.

Camera Work 

The first thing I noticed was the use of depth of field which showed that the woman was behind the man, in this shot the man was shown in a medium close up shot. The use of the depth of field in this shot represented that the masculine one was always ahead of the feminine one, representing those of a masculine gender to hold more power than those of a feminine gender, and for them to be more important. However contrasting this, a tracking shot is used as the woman walks to the man, it passing everyone she looks at in a point of view shot, however this shot highlights her importance in this clip and introduces her as one of the main characters, it represents her in a feminine manner as all eyes are on her so she could be seen as a sexual object as a matter of being the center of attention. A low angle shot is used, showing the man is standing above the woman, this represents the masculinity and femininity in a matter of hierarchical status, the masculine gender is above the feminine. A high angle shot is then used which shows the man looking down on the woman, this the refers back to the matter of hierarchical status concerning masculinity and femininity, again this shot shows that the masculine person is above that person and holds the power of the room. A master shot is used showing the limit of action in the room but again enforcing the layout of the masculine man and the feminine woman, this shot shows how she is kneeling before him, conforming to him, this represents those who are feminine to be submissive to those who are masculine, who are represented to be dominant. Other than this, this shot tells the audience where the action is going to be happening and that it is upcoming.

Editing

There is an eye line match as the woman is looking up at the man and the man is looking down on the woman, representing the feminine nature to become submissive to those who are masculine as they are the ones in charge and they hold the power. Flashbacks are use within this clip and the use of flashbacks shows the woman to have masculine attributes as she is shown to use her intelligence and travel for the sake of the earth, this shows her to be more than looks and care about more than looks. However she conforms to be feminine as she is represented to be caring and lets her emotions get the better of her. Cuts are used in this clip to maintain speed and to be invisible to the audience. A match on action shot is used as the Doctor draws away the mans time thing, this represents him in a masculine manner to be the protectors of the woman who claimed she loved him. This clip represents editing in a continuity format as it provides a sense of moving forward.

Representation of sexuality hw

Shots

The very first shot was a two shot of both women, this immediately suggests a relationship between the two, however as it is at the very beginning of the clip the audience cant decode a particular relationship just yet, however according to the mise-en-scene of this shot their distance is rather intimate, therefore this represents a physical involvement with one another, which moments later it is revealed that one woman loves the other.

There is a medium close up shot of which one woman has her hands placed on another woman's shoulders so loosely, almost lingering afraid to let go. This shot represents her longing for the other which represents her sexuality as a lesbians, also in addition to this the intimate distance has became even closer, enforcing a more obvious way than before, her physical involvement with the woman standing in front of her.  (00:15)

A steadicam shot is used which creates a smooth movement as the camera moves around the woman who the audience has decoded as a lesbian. This creates continuity and displays the area in which this woman is, showing the library she sits in and also her facial expressions as the voice over reads like a mind track.  

There is a master shot in which one woman is reaching over for the other this represents her to be longing for the other woman once again as the other woman is sleeping, its as if she knows what she is doing is considered wrong (especially in the time that this clip seems set), which represents her sexuality is one which isn't accepted by the general public at this time, this enforcing the idea that she is gay. (00:54)

A zoom is used, which highlights how significant the action of her pretending to run her hand over the other woman's body is. This shot represents that she is in fact lesbian as it shows us exactly what she wants, even more so prior to this shot when we can see her eyes tightly screwed shut which tells us makes it look as if she is imagining what would really happen, like imagining if she was touching her. (1:13)

The hand is also put in focus as opposed to her face or anything else surrounding the image, this represents to the audience that this is all she thinks about (touching the woman) and that possibly it is all that makes sense to her as it is the only thing within the shot that is clear.

A master shot is used which shows the 3 main characters, and signals to the audience that this is a significant area and something dramatic is about to happen, also through this shot we can see the placement of the characters, the man seems to be standing in between the two women as the lesbian stares at her, this represents that he is going to be a disruption and get between these two women.

A tracking shot is used when the man walks over to the lesbian, this highlights his importance at this moment in time, the sound that accompanies this shot suggests that he is negative within this clip as the music only changed when he became influenced in this clip.

Another medium close up shot is used when the boy is holding up the lesbians chin after she has agreed to marry him, despite the fact he seems knowledgeable to the fact that she is a homosexual. This shot represents the boys sexuality to be straight as he seems to want to kiss the woman even though he knows that she is not into him, this then leads on to the audience decoding that he doesn't particularly care for her feelings (despite their new call to get married), but he is in fact more interested in the kissing rather than who he is kissing, this is enforced more so when he threatens to tell the sleeping woman about the lesbians love for her if she doesn't marry him. (3:51)

A medium close up shot shows the man licking the lesbians hand and when it shifts to a medium close up shot of her face, you can see she is uncomfortable. However due to the initial shot which I have mentioned this represents him to have a sexual desire for this woman, and due to it being a woman and him a man, he is represented to be heterosexual. (4:19)

Sound

At the very beginning the lesbian narrates the moment saying 'she looked so beautiful', this shows that she is thinking this and hasn't said it aloud, which represents that she is scared to spread her feelings. The genre of this clip seems to be period drama, from this it is learnt that homosexuality wasn't accepted in that era, which gives the audience understand for why this was only thought, but because the audience was meant to hear this we can connote that she is in fact gay.

There is non diegetic sound which is mood music, it is soft orchestra music which is used whilst she is narrating her love for the other woman and when she is running her hand over the aura of her body, this represents her lesbian nature to not just be of lust despite her action but of sweet, innocent love. The music forces the audience to feel sympathetic for her because she cant say how she feels.

There is synchronous sound of the mans panting as he undoes the lesbians glove before he is about to lick her hand which illustrates his need and represents him to be straight as he seems he is quite desperate to feel her. There is no other sound apart from when he is smoothing down her clothes, the lack of other sound emphasizes what is happening at this very time which is a straight man knowingly coming onto a gay woman, which represents his sexuality to be quite forceful an desperate despite the evident which he knows.

Editing

This clip uses a lot of fades which produces continuity but also represents the fastness of time that she feels, which revealed later is leading to her marriage, these fades represent how everything is going so quickly and before she knows it this secret life she leads of longing for another woman will be taken away from her.

There are also cuts used when the lesbian is looking at the sleeping woman, this editing simply portrays what the lesbian is looking at, however this enforces the sexuality of being gay, showing that she focused on her, the constant cuts show that she is always looking at her. Another example of this is when the woman is undressing and then it cuts to the lesbian and you can see her looking in that direction, the audience then decodes that she is watching her, again longing for her.

Mise-en-scene

It could be suggested that the sexual orientation of both women is in fact lesbian as they sleep in the same bed together and at the end of the slip the woman is undressing in the same room as the definite lesbian, the only reason the audience is denied of this suggestion is because the lesbians speech is in narration as she explains her feelings for her which suggests her feelings are a secret and also the lesbian only pretends to touch when she is sleeping, or looks at her in a longing manner whilst she is sleeping, thus so it isn't obvious. On top of this the man warns to tell the sleeping woman of the lesbian undeniable feelings which enforces the idea that she doesn't know, so the audience decodes the idea that the other woman is represented to be straight.

Initially, the audience doesn't see that the lesbian hasn't been painting the woman but because of the way that she is staring at her the audience is lead to decode the idea that the lesbian is painting the woman (even though this isn't the case). This represents the lesbian to admire her beauty so much that she wants to capture it, this represents another longing and more so a physical attraction to the woman that sleeps in front of her.

There is no differing costume between the two women which suggests there is no difference between the two women and due to the other woman being openly straight and the lesbian keeping her sexuality hidden, this represents the lesbian to be ashamed of her feelings and doesn't want to draw attention to herself and have people finding out about her sexuality as a result. Her costume defies the stereotypes paired with her homosexuality however it must be taken into consideration that this is a period drama and in those times there wasn't many people who were openly gay so the stereotypes weren't as strong.

Hotel Babylon homework

Shots
The first shot shown is a long shot which shows a black man in a suit working, waiting on white people who are relaxing in what I am assume to be a spa or resort. This represents their to be a difference in hierarchy within ethnicity in this clip, the white people are above the black people and the black people are there to work for the white people.

An over the shoulder shot is then shown when a black man gets out of the pool and this juxtaposes the situation already, the working black man is shown to be startled by a fellow black man relaing in this predominantly white setting. In this shot we can see the difference in the two black men, the one that has just got out of the pool has tattoos and dread locks, a stereotypical image of how black people are represented, therefore the suited black man juxtaposes and denies this stereotype. The fact that the 2 black people seem to know each other assumes that everyone within this ethnic background knows each other and they live with in a tight circle with each other. The audience is informed the two know each other through the use of their conversation when they refer back to old times. The word 'ganja' is used which is Jamaican term which suggests that both men are from a Jamaican ethnic background, it also represents a stereotype on black people to be living in a rough way and involved in drug culture. (00:20)

There is a reverse over the shoulder shot of the 2 french cleaners stripping for the Chinese man, prior to this there is a close up shot of the money on the table, there is an instant link between these shots and realize the french women have been represented to be desperate for money. This action is also represented to be okay and normal as the older maid seems as if she is used to this, however the young maid seems unsure about the action. A master shot shows the older maid to be walking to the door to shut it, whilst the other maid is standing twiddling her fingers, representing her to be feeling awkward with the situation. The Chinese man turns on music as if he is used to this situation also. The older french maid encourages the younger maid, a close up of the younger maids face is used, showing her to be awkward once again. This juxtaposes against the initial stereotyped represented at the beginning of the scene. (1:25)

Sound
The accents in this clip are very important as they represent the different ethnicity's, both black men juxtapose against each other as the black man in a suit speaks in a posh accent which is against his stereotype, however the other black man speaks in a less posh accent and uses colloquial words such as 'blood' which is the representation of a black person conforming to their stereotype.

Editing
Cuts are mainly used in this clip to maintain continuity. The editing between the shot reverse shots allows us to see the opposites of the two black men and the one which conforms to his stereotype (Tel) and the one who denies his stereotype (Ben), the editing allows us to see a visual difference, Tel has dreadlocks whereas Ben has a short smart haircut prepared for work. However this editing also allows the audience to see a similarity of an earring which suggests that everyone of a black race is stereotyped to have this as within this clip these 2 men are representing the black community.

Eye line matches are also used within this clip, a key one I noticed is when the white female is looking down on the italian chef, although this is not meant in a racist way, this represents white people to be the dominant ethnicity over any other.

Mise-en-scene
The money on the bed when the chinese man is paying for the women to strip represents chinese men to be quite rich in that region, the women who accept the offer to strip for money represents that they are desperate and suggest that perhaps they come from a poor background in France. Also, the chef in the kitchen is italian which conforms to the stereotype that all italians are good cooks as when people think of italy they think of food.

Section B Homework

"Successful media products depend as much on marketing and distribution to a specific audience as they do upon good production practices" To what extent do you agree with this statement within the film area. You may make reference to other areas in your answer:

• Film
• Music
• Newspapers
• Radio
• Magazines 
• Video Games 

When creating a film the producers are aware of the target audience so when it comes to the marketing and distribution of a film, the producers must appeal to converge their film in other areas of the media to make the film successful when it is released. This results also in bigger profits also as the media product is now subjected to different media areas. So I agree with this statement as with a specific audience is as important as 

Disney is a prime example of a film company that has made a lot of money through many media products, not just limiting itself to film. Disney's target audience is children so not only through the context of their film do they specify their company to target children, but through alternate media products. 

One alternate media product Disney use is soundtracks, most Disney films contains songs and these songs are formulated into cds where they are then sold of separate to the film. Frozen is Disney's most recent film which is still being shown in cinema, however the CD has already been released. The Frozen soundtrack has already sold over 86000 copies. When topping the charts, this soundtrack not only boosts profits for the production companies, but it alerts more of the general public to what is showing in the cinema and boosts the film sales in the cinema and when on DVD as albums can be viewed both physically in person or via the internet (itunes). Also, the tracks can be mentioned via radios if it chart tops, therefore advertising the film simultaneously, this markets the film more so. Disney also use media products such as video games, toys, costumes etc. 

Disney has evolved from just using cartoon characters and has used humans, for example, Pirates of the Caribbean. Pirates of the Caribbean cast Johnny Depp, a well known actor by all, as the main character. In this film Johnny Depp was used as a unique selling point and a key factor in the marketing sector as he expanded the target audience as adults who like him were persuaded to watch the film due to the fact that he was in it. This increased the profits. The production budget for this film was $125,000,000. The film grossed an income of $654,264,015. This means the film had a profit of $529,264,015. All statistics have been gathered from the-numbers website. 

Disney is a production company that spends a lot of money to make a lot of money, however not all films have to do this. Haxan films was the production company for The Blair Witch Project which has a budget of $60,000. The Blair Witch Project grossed with $140,539,099, therefore this film profited with $140,579,099. (All statistics have been collected off of imdb.com). In comparison to Disney, Haxan films is a very small production company and the profit of The Blair With Project was very surprising, especially due to the fact that Haxam films didn't have the opportunity to converge with as many products, especially with such a low budget.  The marketing for this film was very little in contrast to Disney, therefore they benefited through the quality of production practice. Disney benefit more so from their marketing and distribution to a specific audience. 

However, Haxan films would of profited more with the use of marketing and distribution however it was hard to target to a specific audience as it as not as specific as those who watch Disney. Overall, I think quality of production practice is important and helps create an income for the film, but I think without the marketing and distribution to a specific audience it is unlikely you will have as big a profit. I believe in the term "you have to spend money to make money", therefore you are most likely granted to profit more money if you start of with a large budget. 

Section B Practice

To what extent does digital distribution affect the marketing and consumption of media products in the media are you have studied? Candidates must focus on the following media areas: Film.

Digital distribution is the marketing, logistics and licensing of a film via the internet. This is said to be a lot quicker and a lot cheaper.

The consumption of film via DVD is now a lot quicker as films are screened in cinemas for shorter periods of time due to the bettering of logistics. This means that the film is sent to cinemas a lot quicker, this is because of the files being sent by a secure, locked email as opposed to be film tape being delivered. This is also a lot cheaper as the distributors save money on film tape as it is just done electronically now. So as said, The consumption of film via DVD is now a lot quicker.

Digital distribution betters the marketing of film as trailers of the upcoming film can be streamed via internet websites such as YouTube or on the television, this broadens the amount of people who see the trailer and the expands the amount who want to see it. Also, by doing this the more people who see it, the more people will use 'word of mouth' publicizing, as they will talk about it to their friends and then they may research the trailer. This increases the amount of those who consume the film, however is a form of of marketing.

Digital distribution can also air interviews held with actors and director of the movie, which also markets the film. The PR tour can be taped, uploaded to the internet and spread globally, this can create more of a buzz of the film and therefore promote it as due to the actors being in the film, a person may want to see the film based on that fact alone.

Lastly, digital distribution can market a film globally in a cheaper, more economic way. As opposed to shipping film tape all around the World, costing the companies more money, as I have said the film file can be sent to a screening via a locked file. However a negative point of digital distribution is the fact that somehow these files are able to be unlocked and hacked and the film can be uploaded illegally and watched online, this reducing the films companies profits and reducing the films hits in the box office.

Also since films have been consumed on DVDs, it is not easy to copy a film onto your computer and illegally upload it, again decreasing the films sales and hits in the ratings departments.

Harry Brown

• Harry Brown was released in 2009 
• The classification is rated R, a UK 18
• The companies responsible for making it were:

1. Marv Films
2. UK Film Council
3. HanWay Films
4. Prescience Film Fund
5. Framestore
6. Prescience

• The production companies were Lionsgate and Samuel Goldwyn films.
• The budget of this film was $7,300,000
• The film grossed $10,329,747
• This film profited $3,029,247

Brief Synopsis: 

This film is about gang crime and violence on an estate that was once peaceful and a nice area to live in, the film follows Harry Brown who wants revenge as his friend is murdered on the estate in a subway with his very own weapon. Harry sets out to find the killer and his military background and knowledge benefits him even though he is old. He does this because the police claim there is not enough evidence to put the person who killed his best friend in prison, which angers him. Eventually Harry Brown finds the killer and kills him and the film ends with Harry walking through the same subway in which his friend was killed. This tells the audience that because of Harry Brown the estate is now safe. 

How the story is told: 

The story is told in a way that Harry Browns actions are justified as the gang are shown to be drug takers, violent (when they kill his best friend especially) and they also constantly use foul language. Also they are shown on an estate that used to be calm so are represented to be disturbing the peace. The creators of this film wanted the audience to dislike the gang, so when Harry went to find and kill the killer, he was seen as a hero despite his actions.

All statistics and initial information: imdb.com

We watched part of the film again in class and discussed certain things. This film was filmed very precisely and thought out carefully, for example:

• The beginning of the film was shot on a hand held camera to express realism, and to defy the stereotypes that all of Britain is posh, as with the hand held it seems like an account, and the audience watches as the gang shoots at people. 

• In the interviewing scene, every person being interviewed was wearing a hoodie, a stereotype of youth gang culture. This represented them to be harmful and disrupting, as all of them are being questioned on the murder of Harry Browns friend. 
• The film shoots Harry Brown carrying out normal day tasks at the beginning which shows that he is just a normal person. The shots also show him cleaning up, this foreshadows the film as it is a representation of him cleaning the estate up when he plans to take out the gang. 
• The way the film is filmed keeps the image of it very naturalistic and provides a sense of realism, an example of this is the lighting when Harry is in his flat watching someone get beat up outside, the lighting is dim rather than bright highlighting everything. It makes you feel as if the film is real. 

• To me, this film focuses on the idea of realism, they want to show a side of London which isn't often seen. This is shown in various ways just through the first part. For example, when the police officers are passing across a block, graffiti is covered on the walls, which is found a lot in urban areas, but people from other regions may not think of London this way. 
• The titles have purposely been put in a small font, this shows that these are just ordinary people and there is nothing special about any of them. The titles are also put in a line which shows that everything has its place, also it shows theoretical equality and this foreshadows because Harry commits the exact same crime, however the audience does not feel sorry for the gang and support Harry.
• When in the interviewing scene, the solicitor and the gang member are shot to be far apart. This is quite amusing because although the solicitor is under obligation to support the gang member, they are very different and don't wish to be associated together. It is a juxtaposition by putting these 2 next to each other, because the solicitor is in a suit being formal and proper whereas the gang member is in a tracksuit and hoodie. By putting these to next to each other it shows the opposites of people in the world, good and evil.

Gender representation in the hustle

The first camera shot I am going to be talking about is when there is a high angle shot and an over the shoulder shot used at the same time. This shot shows women to be of lower relative status than men. The framing of this shot shows the man looking down at the woman and more so, the woman looking up to the man, almost in a submissive manner, this shows clear male dominance. A master shot is used when the 2 men are sat in a room smoking. This shot allows the audience to see glasses of what is connoted to be alcohol in their hand and cigarettes. In the context of this clip these 2 men are finalizing a business transition which is stereotypically a male trait as men are believed to be the breadwinner and women as an expressive, caring role. Juxtaposing against this part of the clip and backing up my point, the shot before this is a medium shot of a a woman trying on a dress, admiring herself in the mirror. The dress is slightly revealing and classed to be sexy, a stereotypical trait women are meant to be or aspire to. The tilt shot used which highlights her body emphasizes this point. 

With editing, I noticed the eye line matches between the shop assistant and the women who couldn't afford the dress. Due to height differences the man is looking down on him, however this has been done purposely to show a matter of hierarchy, and this consists of men being above women and looking down on them as if they are below them. As the woman meets his eyes by looking up she seems dependent on him and due to the context we know she wants him to lower price, this represents the feminine gender to be dependent against those of a masculine gender which is what the media often stereotype. This clip uses a wipe transition however this does not represent gender, this simply provides continuity within the clip. The wipe moves from one situation to another and it is very noticeable but it works very well. 

Dialogue is used and the male shop assistant has a controversial feminine voice, this shows him as partially feminine. This is then suited with his profession, in retail, which is often associated as a preferred hobby for those of a feminine gender, the dialogue used between the men conferring about business juxtaposes this as their voice are low which is a stereotype for masculinity. This shows a clear difference between the 2 genders. There is synchronous sound when the woman is emptying the contents of her bag onto the floor, the use of this sound allows you to hear clattering which emphasizes her hysteria that she has lost her ring. This agrees with the stereotype that feminine people are more emotional than masculine. 

Concerning Mise-en-scene most of the clip takes place in a retail shop and 2 out of 3 customers are women, and the only man that is actually a customer asks the feminine man whether he can help him buy something for his wife. This represents those of a feminine gender to be materialistic and vain , and concerned with their looks where as those who are masculine are most likely working. This setting works hand in hand with the bar where there is no men, only women. There is smoke everywhere and then men are drinking a liquid which the audience connotes for whiskey which is a stereotypical masculine drink (whereas a feminine drink would be wine). The mood of the room is very calm and laid back juxtaposing the hysteria of the retail shop as the woman has lost her ring. 

Gender is represented in a stereotypical manner in this clip and there is a clear difference set between the genders of feminine and masculine. 

British Film Industry History

Homework

1) What constitutes a British film? (the diff categories)

• Cultural content: The movie is filmed in the UK, has British actors, dialogue is mainly recorded in the English language and has a British subject matter
• Cultural Contribution: reflects the British culture
• Cultural Hubs: Music and effects are done in the UK 
• Cultural Practitioners: The people who worked on the movie are from the UK 

2) What are the various methods of marketing a film? (how do they?)

• Viral videos: distribution of the trailer
• Internet advertising: paid advertisements online 
• Merchandising: Something used within in the film then promoting the film outside of the film
• Trailers
• Film posters
• Paid advertisements in newspapers and magazines 
• Promotional tour: actors and directors take part in interviews across the media

3)What are the different ways a film can be exhibited or consumed?

• Cinema 
• DVD
• Downloaded
• Film on television
• Videos 
• The internet

Distribution notes

• The audience has the greatest power within the film industry as they choose what they want to see and then Hollywood will force what the audience want to see into action. 
• More than often 50% of a films budget will be spent on promotion rather than the creation of the film. 
• Contrasting the first view i noted, others believe the audience aren't in charge and that the distributors are just aware of what parts of the world and media are in need of its product, and also whom are willing to pay for them. 
• There are 2 views when it comes to film marketing, are consumers passive or active? 
• Production: the making of a film. 
• Exhibition: people watching the film.
• Film distribution explains everything that happens between production and exhibition. 
• Promotion concerns advertising such as billboards, posters, trailers, spin offs. This type of advertising is known as 'above the line' as it is paid for. 
• Unpaid for promotion is known as 'below to line' publicity, it uses newspaper and magazine reviews. 
• Big production companies control much of the film industry and therefore the distribution of their own products. These companies loan their film out to the cinema for a certain amount of time and secure certain screens in a cinema for a certain amount of time. 
• Hollywood films are prioritised over any other film. 
• Smaller companies dont have as much money to get their prints into loads of cinemas as opposed to Hollywood films who have a lot more money to put their prints in more cinemas. 
• The UK film council are addressing the problem noted above via the Digital Screen Network as they receive financial support.
• Prints: producing physical copies of a film for cinema/ home release and finding the exhibitors /retailers to sell the film. 
• Marketing: raising audience awareness and anticipation of a new release.
• A distributor can have a long term arrangement with a certain production company and may provide them with financial support. 
• A film is likely to have different distributors for releases in different countries, cinema releases and home-video releases. 
• 360-degree branding is when a film promotion surrounds all around us with their brand, converged media forms and multi levels. Their aim is to 'trigger engagement' in audiences. 
• Guerilla marketing run classified or small ads offering their brochure and people direction to their website via awareness on the radio, cable tv, business magazines. They also participate in forums, chatrooms and email.

Homework

What is Distribution? 

• Distribution is about releasing and sustaining films in the film industry.
• Distribution can be divided into 3 sectors, licensing, marketing and logistics. 

Licensing

• Licensing is a process where the distributor gets the legal right to exploit a film. 
• In the form of distribution, licensing can take place on two levels: international and local distribution. 
• International distribution makes sure the film which has been created makes its way to the 90+ market territories in the World. 
• US studios usually have their own distribution offices in the major territories, however, independent producers must sell their films to different distributors on the major territories. 
• Independent producers sometimes hire a specialist sales agent whose job is to understand the price of the film in different markets. 
• Local distribution is when the distributor gets a licence to release and exploit a film in a certain country.
• The distributor in local distribution will pay the producer a minimum a fee and obtain the rights to sell the film to a broadcaster, video and dvd exploitation, theoretical rights, the right to show the film in the cinema and tv rights.
• When the licence has been agreed, the distributor then becomes responsible for launching the film, a release in the cinema is usually chosen. 
• After the film has been released in the cinema, months later the film will be released on DVD and then on forms of pay television. For this to be success the distributor must have knowledge on the current market place.

Marketing

• Marketing of a film depends on when and how; in england films are usually released on a friday. 
• Releases are decided by the Film Distributors Association. 
• Distributors try to find a 'light week' when only a few films are releasing so that there will be screen space and review columns allocated to the film they are releasing. 

Marketing: Prints and Advertising

• Prints and Advertising are very important when releasing a film in the cinema as they make a film public. 
• The key elements of Prints and Advertising 

1. Quantity and production of release prints and trailers (commercial mainstream films have a lot more than specialized films)
2. Press materials, clip reels, images, press previews, screener tapes
3. Design and printing of posters and other promotional artwork ( the cinema poster is the corner stone of theoretical release campaigns, distributors also pay attention to billboards, underground advertising etc.) 
4. Advertising Campaign- locations, ad size and frequency (advertising in magazines and newspapers. With mainstream films heavy advertising is key. In the UK, distributors prefer electronic word-in-mouth advertising as the cost of print advertising is high)
5. Press campaign/ contracting a PR agency ( often hired as many distributing offices dont have a PR department)
6. Arranging visit by talent from the film (use of director and lead actors for editorial coverage)
7. Other preview screenings ( advance public screenings to create a buzz on the film) 

Logistics

• Logistics is the supplying and circulating copies of the film to cinemas, tapes, DVDs, rental stores etc. 
• It is VERY important the distributor delivers the film on time to a cinema
• When films are shown in the cinema the distributor delivers them by film

Bullet Boy

• Bullet boy is a specialized film which was low budget and an independent feature. 
• Due to its context of contemporary urban life, the distributor had faith that the film would receive exceptional reviews.
• The ad campaign approached diverse audiences due to the actor being a rapper from So Solid. 
• By the actor being in So Solid, the film was also advertised on hip hop, r n b and garage radio stations. 

Digital Distribution 

• With Digital Distribution, life is predicted to be a lot less stress free as film files can be sent and received through use of email. 
• It will also be cheaper. 
• The Digital Screen Network is a digital distribution and exhibition program introduced in 2005. 
• In the future, the DSN will allow files will be locked to be sent straight to the cinema to be downloaded and then unlocked, and then opened as files for screening. 
• This will better the logistics of film. 
• It is predicted that with this form of digital distribution, films will go from screening 3-6 months in cinema to 1-3 months. 
• This will bring forward distributors release of DVD. 

Production Movie Costs

Avatar cost $425 million to make. 

Avatar earned $2,783,918,982 in worldwide gross.

This means that overall Avatar made $2,358,918,982

Figures by: http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/budgets/




Trainspotting cost $3,100,000 to make.

Trainspotting earned $72,001,785 in worldwide gross. 

This means overall Trainspotting made $68,901,785

Figures by: http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/budgets/





Differences: 

• Avatar uses computer generated imagery 
• Trainspotting is older than Avatar 
• Trainspotting is set in normal places as oppose to Avatar which has been created 
• Avatar uses more well known actors as opposed to trainspotting where the actors look like they are making their debut
• There are more actors in Avatar

New Media Technologies

Newspaper Industry

• apps
• twitter
• internet (in general)
• tablets
• the official website
• mobile phones 

Magazine Industry

• apps
• twitter
• internet (in general) 
• instagram
• facebook 
• tablets
• the official website 
• tv 
• mobile phones

Film industry 

• Cinema 
• Tv
• LoveFilm
• Netflix 
• Youtube 
• Illegal downloading websites
• mobile phones
• xbox
• playstation 
• Dvds
• videos 
• tablets
• laptop/ computer
• 3d
• itunes
• social networking sites (promotion)

Music industry

• tv 
• radio 
• cds
• spotify 
• soundcloud 
• youtube 
• itunes
• mobile phone
• laptop
• tablet
• mp3/mp4
• ipod
• cassette player
• walkman 
• xbox
• playstation
• cd player
• tape 

Television industry

• Iplayers
• phone
• tv
• laptop
• tablets 
• internet
• netflix
• lovefilm
• dvds
• youtube 
• illegal websites
• catch up
• on demand 
• recordings 
• 
  

Doc Martin- Regional Identity

What the thing is and what it tells me about regional identity. 

Shots

• There is a master shot and within this shot the composition of Doc Martin and the 2 plumbers, this framing shows relative status and that Doc (who is from an urban background) is at the top of the relative status and that the plumbers are of lower relative status (whom are from a rural background). Doc is shown of higher relative status because he is standing as opposed to the 2 plumbers who are sitting down below him.
• There is a medium close up of Doc's face which shows his face and the distress which he has because of the previous problem of the sink breaking. Juxtaposing this, there is a medium shot of the other plumber on the phone, who is distracted by the phone rather than doing his job which represents him to be quite laid back, however this links into the stereotype that young people are obsessed with the phone as it is the younger plumber which I am referring to.
• There is a long shot which is tracking Doc as he walks down the street, this shot shows us that the street is small, uncrowded and the shops are only little. This opposes to the stereotypical urban environment which is busy, crowded and large department stores. 
• There is a long shot which tilts up the policeman as Doc enters the police station, this allows the audience to see that the policeman is hoovering. This then connotes to the idea that within the area there isn't a lot of crime and therefore the police force is not needed. This lets the audience know that the rural environment is quiet and perhaps more safe that an urban environment. 
• There is a medium close up tracking shot of Doc and the lady on the street, this allows the audience to also be aware of what is around them as it follows them as they continue to walk. This shot shows the hills in the background and the people behind them just stopping to admire the view, this connotes to be quite a slow paced, chilled environment. This contrasts against the stereotypes of urban environments where everybody is stereotyped to be fast paced and busy, and don't have the time to stop and enjoy everything they see. The fact that Doc is walking whilst the woman is trying to talk to him casts him as an outcast compared to everyone else as he is still rushing in a place which is lived leisurely. 

Sound

• Within the clip there are asynchronous